似犬流行性感冒 + z, N; ~4 b2 x8 j8 d% G. l" p @, l
7 J' u" O$ N1 b似犬流行性感冒控制在狗 —& S( R- h' B8 O$ X: W6 n# _# J
問題、答復, 和暫時的指南* [+ k* P' H4 C8 a( j5 M
更新2005 年12月1 日3 m0 }) H$ ], C
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* B, b1 |' I' \4 T9 |& u以下文件被開發了通過咨詢在美國獸醫醫療協會之中, 佛羅里達大學, 康奈爾大學, 和美國疾病控制中心和預防, 和是情況通知的在自然裡。它意欲回答共同的問題和為人供給教導在處理的受影響的狗和服務或處理受影響的狗。這個文件反射什麼為人所知2005 年自10月17 日, 和可以被更新作為更多資訊變得可利用。
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. C' v& f( ?& a; X什麼是似犬流行性感冒?
+ A+ k8 @: p/ [ b. h2 ?5 o7 w" F似犬流行性感冒是由病毒造成狗的高度傳染性呼吸傳染。似犬流行性感冒病毒與起因馬流行性感冒和它被認為馬流行性感冒病毒變化生產似犬流行性感冒病毒的病毒相關緊密地。
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. X" A- `% G! A9 [1 ^) u, z二臨床綜合症狀看了在狗被感染疾病的似犬流行性感冒virus—a 溫和的形式和由肺炎伴隨的一個更加嚴厲的形式。
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8 ^- W% d H/ F) [5 a! @關於溫和的形式—Dogs 遭受以似犬流行性感冒的溫和的形式開發堅持10 到30 天的軟, 潮濕咳嗽。一些狗有乾燥咳嗽相似與"狗窩咳嗽" 由Bordetella bronchiseptica /parainfluenza病毒複合體造成。因此, 似犬流行性感冒病毒傳染頻繁地弄錯為"狗窩咳嗽。" 狗以流行性感冒的溫和的形式也許並且有厚實的鼻放電, 由次要細菌傳染通常造成。+ w1 r4 T: N: V& Z6 ^
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* O8 a& C' S2 M) d Z關於嚴厲形式—Dogs 以似犬流行性感冒的嚴厲形式開發高燒(104ºF 到106ºF) 和有肺炎的臨床標誌, 譬如增加的呼吸率和努力。肺炎也許歸結於次要細菌傳染。
$ E" A0 O' O& K: w由於這是一種最近湧現的疾病, 幾乎所有狗, 不管養殖或年齡, 不要是易受傳染和有免疫。實際上暴露於病毒的所有狗成為傳染和幾乎80% 展示臨床疾病症狀。幸運地, 多數受影響的狗有溫和的形式。8 j/ m, f! {0 f. D) O O, Z
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狗死於似犬流行性感冒嗎?
3 r+ V. ], N% k$ x [$ X" a) l肺炎致命案件起因於傳染與似犬流行性感冒病毒被報告了在狗, 但致死率(5% 到8%) 是降低到目前為止。) s. v: n$ n6 T- V3 \) l
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多麼普遍疾病?1 i K! e3 M' j0 ^' ^
一認可了似犬流行性感冒爆發在世界應該發生□在賽跑靈獅於2004 年1月在一條軌道在佛羅里達。從6月到8月2004 年, 呼吸疾病爆發被報告了在14 條軌道在6 個狀態(阿拉巴馬、阿肯色、佛羅里達、堪薩斯、得克薩斯, 和西維吉尼亞) 。在1月和5月2005 年之間, 爆發發生了在20 條軌道在11 個狀態(亞利桑那、阿肯色、科羅拉多、佛羅里達、衣阿華、堪薩斯、馬薩諸塞、羅德島、得克薩斯、西維吉尼亞, 和威斯康辛) 。傳染並且被證實了在愛犬在加利福尼亞, 康涅狄格, 佛羅里達, 佐治亞, 馬薩諸塞, 北卡羅來納, 新澤西, 紐約, 俄亥俄, 俄勒岡, 賓夕法尼亞, 華盛頓州, 和華盛頓特區, 。這些箱子發生了在動物庇護所、人道社會、搶救小組、寵物商店、boarding 狗窩, 和獸醫診所中。
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一條狗以似犬流行性感冒怎麼被對待?3 p( E$ n" ?/ s6 ^
依照以任一種疾病由病毒造成, 治療是主要支援的。好動物護養實踐和營養協助狗在登上一個有效的免疫反應。以疾病的更加溫和的形式, 厚實的綠色鼻放電, 很可能代表次要細菌傳染, 迅速通常解決在治療以後與寬廣光譜殺菌抗菌。以疾病的更加嚴厲的形式, 肺炎被認為由細菌重複傳染經常造成, 和反應最好水合作用(有時通過流體的靜脈內管理) 並且寬廣光譜殺菌抗菌。' W7 [8 r m+ ^' v: F
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似犬流行性感冒病毒是transmissible 從狗到人嗎?
* U4 A# X9 P' \$ h& `" L; z2 p迄今, 沒有似犬流行性感冒病毒傳輸的證據從狗到眾人。
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我需要關注投入我的狗在日托或boarding 它在狗窩嗎?
/ o% s: o* i- h* d: c$ a狗所有者應該知道, 帶來狗的任一個情況增加可表達的病症傳播風險。好傳染控制實踐可能減少那種風險, 因此狗所有者介入展示, 體育, 或其它活動與他們的狗或誰委員會他們的狗在狗窩應該請求是否呼吸疾病是問題那裡, 並且是否設施有一個計劃為隔絕開發呼吸疾病和為通知所有者的狗如果他們的狗暴露於狗以呼吸疾病。
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只要好傳染控制實踐是到位, 寵物所有者不應該過度關注投入狗在訓練設施、狗公園、狗窩, 或其它區域由狗常去。
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. o) E3 w3 t0 a+ v8 H" ?我的狗有咳嗽... 什麼應該我做?
& G1 s! k9 X: a預定一個任命與您的獸醫以便他或她能審查和評估您的狗和推薦一個適當的治療過程。如果似犬流行性感冒被懷疑, 治療通常將集中於最大化您的狗的免疫系統的能力與病毒交戰。一種典型的方法也許包括流體的管理如果您的狗成為脫水和規定抗菌如果次要細菌傳染被懷疑。
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似犬流行性感冒病毒可能被傳播通過直接聯繫以呼吸分泌物從被傳染的狗, 和由聯絡以汙染的無生命對象。所以, 狗是咳嗽或陳列其它呼吸疾病的標誌的狗所有者不應該參加活動或帶來他們的狗給其它狗可能暴露於他們的設施。衣物、設備、表面, 和手應該被清洗和被消毒在對狗的暴露以後顯示呼吸疾病的標誌防止傳染傳輸對易受影響的狗。衣物可能被使用充分地清洗洗滌劑在正常洗衣店溫度。
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- M. D! z, w& A& U2 F- S( S8 T- D我處理一個kennel/veterinary clinic/animal shelter/dog 日托中心。我怎麼保留什麼似犬流行性感冒在我的設施外面, 和如果它進入我的設施, 應該我做?6 k; F. n2 \* \' C" i
病毒疾病通常是最佳被防止通過接種。不幸地, 此時疫苗不有時間保護狗免受似犬流行性感冒。接種反對其它病原生物導致呼吸疾病, 然而, 也許幫助防止更加共同的呼吸病原生物成為的次要傳染在一條呼吸道由流行性感冒傳染已經減弱。另外, 知道, 狗被接種反對這些病原生物也許幫助設施經理與其它呼吸疾病區別似犬流行性感冒。為這些原因, 獸醫應該確定哪接種是需要的根據相關風險和好處, 應該執行這些至少2 個星期在計劃的參觀之前尾隨活動和關心設施(即, 狗窩、獸醫診所、三伏天關心中心、訓練設施, 狗公園) 。狗被承認風雨棚應該被接種在入場。
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定期傳染控制防備措施是關鍵對防止病毒疾病傳播在設施之內。似犬流行性感冒病毒看上去由殺菌劑容易地殺害(即, 季銨化合物和漂白解答在1 到30 稀釋) 在共同的使用在獸醫診所、boarding 設施, 和動物庇護所。協議應該為清洗和周到地消毒建立籠子、碗, 和其它表面在用途之間。雇員應該洗他們的手用肥皂和水(或使用含酒精成分的手擦淨劑如果肥皂和水是無法獲得的) 在處理各條狗前後; 在進入聯絡以後以狗的唾液、尿、排匯物, 或血液; 在清潔籠子以後; 並且在到達在和在留下設施之前(參見 "我服務在kennel/animal 關心設施。什麼如果我做防止流行性感冒病毒傳輸被傳染的狗對易受影響的狗?") 。
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動物護養設施職員應該警告對可能性, 一條狗以呼吸傳染能被提出為關心或boarding 。如果一條狗以呼吸標誌被提出, 職員應該詢問是否狗上了或最近被採取了從風雨棚, 最近參加了與狗相關的小組活動, 或是否它暴露於其它狗知道有似犬流行性感冒或狗窩咳嗽。狗應該被帶領直接地進入是後備的為狗以呼吸標誌的一個分開的examination/triage 區域, 不應該允許進入候診室或易受影響的狗也許是存在的其它區域。) ^+ t+ i7 P# p* N9 ?3 }
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狗以被發現在詞條以後入設施的被懷疑的似犬流行性感冒病毒傳染應該由獸醫評估和對待。隔離協議應該是嚴謹地應用的為狗顯示呼吸疾病的標誌, 包括佩帶一次性手套由人處理被傳染的狗或清洗汙染的籠子。呼吸疾病在什麼之外被認為典型為一種特殊設施應該被調查, 和調查應該包括適當的診斷樣品提議(參見 "什麼診斷測試將告訴我是否狗有似犬流行性感冒?") 。/ {- F$ ^8 F6 ]) F1 O; c: k
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什麼診斷測試將告訴我是否狗有似犬流行性感冒? 我送什麼樣品? 我何處送樣品? 我怎麼區別在似犬流行性感冒和狗窩咳嗽之間?
/ E9 ]) R" [( W2 R0 n/ t沒有迅速測試為深刻似犬流行性感冒病毒傳染診斷。診斷也許被證實通過血清學測試。抗體對似犬流行性感冒病毒也許被查出儘早七天在臨床標誌以後起始。療養階段樣品應該被收集至少二個星期在深刻階段樣品以後的彙集。如果深刻階段樣品不是可利用的, 測試療養階段樣品可能顯露是否狗從前被傳染了。
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其它診斷選擇可適用對死了於肺炎的狗是病毒文化和polymerase 鏈式反應(PCR) 分析, 使用新鮮的(沒甲醛水保存或結冰) 肺和氣管組織。病毒偵查在呼吸分泌物標本從深刻地不適的動物運用這些方法是可能但一般不報答的。康奈爾動物健康診斷中心當前接受樣品為分析。對於詳細的資訊關於樣品提議, 參觀 www.diaglab.vet.cornell.edu/issues/civ.asp。8 z, r- u$ E1 |; c( h4 }
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我服務在kennel/animal 關心設施。我應該做什麼防止流行性感冒病毒傳輸被傳染的狗對易受影響的狗?
" @! K" [/ x }/ j) |% Z似犬流行性感冒不為人所知是transmissible 從狗到眾人。但是, 保管財物者能疏忽地傳達似犬流行性感冒病毒從被傳染的狗給易受影響的狗由不以下好衛生學和傳染控制實踐。防止似犬流行性感冒病毒傳播, 保管財物者應該採取以下防備措施:- b3 ]. U; A! o/ s( }2 @/ X
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洗滌手用肥皂和水(如果肥皂和水是無法獲得的, 使用含酒精成分的手擦淨劑)
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在處理各個動物前後) ?$ F: u1 k. A- J0 U, `
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在進入聯絡以後以動物唾液、尿、排匯物或血液
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X* T: L( Z6 {在清潔籠子以後
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+ ~: G9 d/ e/ w. g0 j, F; ^在吃飯食, 休假, 抽或留下設施之前
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前後使用休息室
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穿著一件障礙褂子在您的衣裳和佩帶手套當處理病的動物或清洗籠子。擯除褂子和手套在工作與其它動物之前9 w4 b, k- V( R1 L2 D, {6 N& \
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考慮對風鏡的用途或面孔保護如果飛濺從汙染的表面也許發生
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% @. r* L/ [4 s" `2 w% e當晚帶來衣裳的變動給穿戴家' b1 `$ X% p2 c& `# \6 b
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周到地清洗衣裳穿在動物設施
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! C* Z9 l: \, o: S不要允許動物"親吻" 您或舔您的面孔2 s/ [, ]' e$ l1 j$ w: t/ z) E4 V$ ]
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9 K" v" x; R l# a4 I) Q7 y; O分離最近到達的動物從被安置了一個星期或長期的動物。) d+ q+ b% ^3 d3 S- E" J
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定期地監測動物為病症的標誌。分離病的動物從健康動物, 特別是動物以呼吸疾病的標誌。$ z% O( a" S0 x: F; @3 g$ e
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' b. }" H' l5 g2 K! \# T$ V沒有似犬流行性感冒病毒傳輸的證據從狗到眾人。但是, 由於對是transmissible 從狗到眾人, 總之, 的疾病的關心它也許是慎密為幼兒, 年長, 孕婦, 和immunocompromised 人限制或避免聯絡與是不適的動物。 0 K8 @: E7 G( U5 }2 o. V
似犬流行性感冒是transmissible 對從狗對馬或其它動物種類嗎?! X2 m; S( n1 v" V
此時, 沒有似犬流行性感冒傳輸的證據從狗對馬、貓、白鼬, 或其它動物種類。但是, 傳染管理措施被概述在部分題為"我服務在kennel/animal 關心設施。什麼如果我做防止流行性感冒病毒傳輸被傳染的狗對易受影響的狗?" 被推薦防止病毒的傳播。
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Canine influenza
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Control of Canine Influenza in Dogs —" }! |9 z$ }$ Q b$ N! d" R6 u
Questions, Answers, and Interim Guidelines
& O6 ?% i/ O2 r4 Eupdated December 1, 2005
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) ?' n3 e" w% c, x0 s( c4 v" C _The following document has been developed via consultation among the American Veterinary Medical Association, the University of Florida, Cornell University, and the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, and is advisory in nature. It is intended to answer common questions and to provide guidance on managing affected dogs and for persons working with or handling affected dogs. This document reflects what is known as of October 17, 2005, and may be updated as more information becomes available.
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What is canine influenza?5 g- b! h' n* W0 M
Canine influenza is a highly contagious respiratory infection of dogs that is caused by a virus. The canine influenza virus is closely related to the virus that causes equine influenza and it is thought that the equine influenza virus mutated to produce the canine influenza virus.% c3 `4 M+ S j p6 _+ t
. O+ H, [# |2 p! A1 W4 ETwo clinical syndromes have been seen in dogs infected with the canine influenza virus—a mild form of the disease and a more severe form that is accompanied by pneumonia.' E& N6 y/ w* `" ]
6 C' d: v* }# B4 _& y$ M) UAbout the mild form—Dogs suffering with the mild form of canine influenza develop a soft, moist cough that persists for 10 to 30 days. Some dogs have a dry cough similar to the "kennel cough" caused by Bordetella bronchiseptica/parainfluenza virus complex. For this reason, canine influenza virus infections are frequently mistaken for "kennel cough." Dogs with the mild form of influenza may also have a thick nasal discharge, which is usually caused by a secondary bacterial infection.# l0 O1 ?( x D
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About the severe form—Dogs with the severe form of canine influenza develop high fevers (104ºF to 106ºF) and have clinical signs of pneumonia, such as increased respiratory rates and effort. Pneumonia may be due to a secondary bacterial infection. 8 p! q7 O- l9 t- N( s6 }4 I0 L5 {4 ~
Because this is a newly emerging disease, almost all dogs, regardless of breed or age, are susceptible to infection and have no immunity. Virtually all dogs that are exposed to the virus become infected and nearly 80% show clinical signs of disease. Fortunately, most affected dogs have the mild form.) p" C9 b! B& C; B% C& L
' X4 O7 [: W. E2 D# P5 d! D/ ]Do dogs die from canine influenza?3 b- G5 W) J* o: h% e% ^
Fatal cases of pneumonia resulting from infection with canine influenza virus have been reported in dogs, but the fatality rate (5% to 8%) has been low so far.+ q1 x: Y" {$ g* P
' w/ `* o; n( wHow widespread is the disease?
C, A) y# s* x5 {7 }- uThe first recognized outbreak of canine influenza in the world is believed to have occurred in racing greyhounds in January 2004 at a track in Florida. From June to August of 2004, outbreaks of respiratory disease were reported at 14 tr><05, outbreaks occurred at 20 tracks in 11 states (Arizona, Arkansas, Colorado, Florida, Iowa, Kansas, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, Texas, West Virginia, and Wisconsin). Infection has also been confirmed in pet dogs in California, Connecticut, Florida, Georgia, Massachusetts, North Carolina, New Jersey, New York, Ohio, Oregon, Pennsylvania, Washington State, and Washington, DC. These cases occurred in animal shelters, humane societies, rescue groups, pet stores, boarding kennels, and veterinary clinics.! y R) O/ K% o l1 m" ~
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How is a dog with canine influenza treated?
5 ?& r9 I) f' SAs with any disease caused by a virus, treatment is largely supportive. Good animal care practices and nutrition assist dogs in mounting an effective immune response. In the milder form of the disease, a thick green nasal discharge, which most likely represents a secondary bacterial infection, usually resolves quickly after treatment with a broad-spectrum bactericidal antimicrobial. In the more severe form of the disease, pneumonia is thought to often be caused by bacterial superinfection, and responds best to hydration (sometimes via intravenous administration of fluids) and a broad-spectrum bactericidal antimicrobial.
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, N0 l4 O% b/ {, n7 ]6 ?Is canine influenza virus transmissible from dogs to humans?' R& b- w8 Z( I1 f! z
To date, there is no evidence of transmission of canine influenza virus from dogs to people. u4 L6 M1 S8 P
7 a: m9 }* f* h5 Q/ a' IDo I need to be concerned about putting my dog in day care or boarding it at a kennel?
2 M# l: D2 N) W* B. SDog owners should be aware that any situation that brings dogs together increases the risk of spread of communicable illnesses. Good infection control practices can reduce that risk, so dog owners involved in shows, sports, or other activities with their dogs or who board their dogs at kennels should ask whether respiratory disease has been a problem there, and whether the facility has a plan for isolating dogs that develop respiratory disease and for notifying owners if their dogs have been exposed to dogs with respiratory disease.
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) v$ F, @/ A4 U/ \7 x$ C* C& WAs long as good infection control practices are in place, pet owners should not be overly concerned about putting dogs in training facilities, dog parks, kennels, or other areas frequented by dogs.5 E3 I7 X- M1 p% C% Z5 ^
/ v6 ]. U) W4 N& MMy dog has a cough...what should I do?3 ?1 P# f7 h( w- h" x3 o5 r4 T- @5 p
Schedule an appointment with your veterinarian so that he or she can examine and evaluate your dog and recommend an appropriate course of treatment. If canine influenza is suspected, treatment will usually focus on maximizing the ability of your dog's immune system to combat the virus. A typical approach might include administration of fluids if your dog is becoming dehydrated and prescribing an antimicrobial if a secondary bacterial infection is suspected.
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Canine influenza virus can be spread via direct contact with respiratory secretions from infected dogs, and by contact with contaminated inanimate objects. Therefore, dog owners whose dogs are coughing or exhibiting other signs of respiratory disease should not participate in activities or bring their dogs to facilities where other dogs can be exposed to them. Clothing, equipment, surfaces, and hands should be cleaned and disinfected after exposure to dogs showing signs of respiratory disease to prevent transmission of infection to susceptible dogs. Clothing can be adequately cleaned by using a detergent at normal laundry temperatures.5 p# j' d+ z% k \
2 @% F) P# J% l! b9 s" {, T- kI manage a kennel/veterinary clinic/animal shelter/dog day care center. How do I keep canine influenza out of my facility, and if it does enter my facility, what should I do?7 l. g9 l. G: x& U4 ^. X2 ~
Viral disease is usually best prevented through vaccination. Unfortunately, at this time no vaccine is available to protect dogs against canine influenza. Vaccination against other pathogens causing respiratory disease, however, may help prevent more common respiratory pathogens from becoming secondary infections in a respiratory tract already compromised by influenza infection. In addition, knowing that dogs are vaccinated against these pathogens may help facility managers distinguish canine influenza from other respiratory diseases. For these reasons, a veterinarian should determine which vaccinations are needed based on related risks and benefits and should administer these at least 2 weeks prior to planned visits to dog activity and care facilities (e.g., kennels, veterinary clinics, dog day care centers, training facilities, dog parks). Dogs admitted to shelters should be vaccinated on admission., `) n1 S! j, w& c: X; ^6 V
+ h) t7 [7 L) r5 yRoutine infection control precautions are key to preventing spread of viral disease within facilities. The canine influenza virus appears to be easily killed by disinfectants (e.g., quaternary ammonium compounds and bleach solutions at a 1 to 30 dilution) in common use in veterinary clinics, boarding facilities, and animal shelters. Protocols should be established for thoroughly cleaning and disinfecting cages, bowls, and other surfaces between uses. Employees should wash their hands with soap and water (or use an alcohol-based hand cleaner if soap and water are unavailable) before and after handling each dog; after coming into contact with a dog's saliva, urine, feces, or blood; after cleaning cages; and upon arriving at and before leaving the facility (see "I work in a kennel/animal care facility. What should I do to prevent transmission of influenza virus from infected dogs to susceptible dogs?").
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: X! ?- \0 n9 D5 j, ? [3 {% wAnimal care facility staff should be alerted to the possibility that a dog with a respiratory infection could be presented for care or boarding. If a dog with respiratory signs is presented, staff members should inquire whether the dog has recently been boarded or adopted from a shelter, has recently participated in dog-related group activities, or whether it has been exposed to other dogs known to have canine influenza or kennel cough. The dog should be brought directly into a separate examination/triage area that is reserved for dogs with respiratory signs and should not be allowed to enter the waiting room or other areas where susceptible dogs may be present.
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* N9 V) a0 B- H0 G# HDogs with suspected canine influenza virus infection that is discovered after entry into the facility should be evaluated and treated by a veterinarian. Isolation protocols should be rigorously applied for dogs showing signs of respiratory disease, including the wearing of disposable gloves by persons handling infected dogs or cleaning contaminated cages. Respiratory disease beyond what is considered typical for a particular facility should be investigated, and the investigation should include submission of appropriate diagnostic samples (see "What diagnostic tests will tell me whether a dog has canine influenza?").8 \- J! G! r$ b# y- e
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What diagnostic tests will tell me whether a dog has canine influenza? What samples do I send? Where do I send the samples? How do I distinguish between canine influenza and kennel cough?
: x; w- |5 K, r- t- ~8 o rThere is no rapid test for diagnosis of acute canine influenza virus infection. Diagnosis may be confirmed through serologic testing. Antibodies to canine influenza virus may be detected as early as seven days after onset of clinical signs. Convalescent-phase samples should be collected at least two weeks after collection of the acute-phase sample. If an acute-phase sample is not available, testing a convalescent-phase sample can reveal whether a dog has been infected at some point in the past.
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Other diagnostic options applicable to dogs that have died from pneumonia are viral culture and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analysis, using fresh (not formalin-preserved or frozen) lung and tracheal tissues. Virus detection in respiratory secretion specimens from acutely ill animals using these methods is possible but generally unrewarding. The Cornell Animal Health Diagnostic Center is currently accepting samples for analysis. For detailed information on sample submission, visit www.diaglab.vet.cornell.edu/issues/civ.asp. |
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